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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 65(1): 3-13, Jan.-Feb. 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1152890

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT COVID-19 and obesity are two pandemic diseases that the world is currently facing. Both activate the immune system and mediate inflammation. A sequence of disease phases in patients with severe COVID-19 results in a cytokine storm, which amplifies the subclinical inflammation that already exists in patients with obesity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors increase insulin resistance in obesity. Therefore, a greater systemic inflammatory response is establishe, along with an increased risk of thrombotic phenomena and hyperglycemic conditions. These changes further impair pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic, and renal functions, in addition to hindering glycemic control in people with diabetes and pre-diabetes. This review explains the pathophysiological mechanisms of these two pandemic diseases, provides a deeper understanding of this harmful interaction and lists possible therapeutic strategies for this risk group.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Cytokine Release Syndrome , SARS-CoV-2 , Inflammation , Obesity/epidemiology
2.
Rev. bras. educ. méd ; 45(1): e036, 2021.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1155908

ABSTRACT

Abstract: Introduction: In times of pandemics, the uncertainties and lack of evidence allow each country to conduct its response as it deems the most appropriate. This setting also facilitates the approval of public measures without adequate ethical analysis, due to its inherent urgency. With that said, the objective of this study is to promote a hermeneutical approach to the Brazilian Government proposals of including medical students in the fight against COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic through an ethical perspective. Development: The governmental resolutions, published in the Brazilian Official Gazette, were discussed in the light of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR) and the Brazilian Medical Student Code of Ethics (CEEM), as the first one guides the debate through a pluralist, multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary bioethics, and the latter brings specified guidance to the studied population group. To better articulate the discussion, the main measures were subdivided into 3 sections: about the risk assessment; about the participation of 5th- and 6th-year students; about the early graduation. In the first one, the creation of participation alternatives has been proposed, including remote participation, without direct contact with patients, aiming to ensure the students' integrity and to maximize the potential positive effects with minimum harm. After that, the predicted obligatory enrollment for undergraduate students attending the final years of medical school and the possibility of obtaining credit hours for the curricular internship in exchange for participation in the strategic action "O Brasil Conta Comigo" were assessed. Finally, the graduation anticipation and the need for a guarantee that the new graduates have the required knowledge and expertise for the medical profession were questioned. Conclusions: For an effective response against the disease, it's necessary to collectively structure the adopted measures, benefiting from the capabilities that the students already have, while respecting their limitations, vulnerabilities, and freedoms. It should also be emphasized that any ethical decisions in the context of Medicine and of future generations of professionals can have immeasurable consequences for these individuals, their patients, and communities and thus, one must ensure that the benefits will be the best and greatest possible.


Resumo: Introdução: Durante pandemias, as incertezas e a falta de evidências permitem que cada país conduza sua resposta da maneira que convencionar mais correta. Esse cenário abre oportunidade também para que medidas sejam aprovadas sem a devida análise ética, pela urgência implicada. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo é promover uma abordagem hermenêutica das propostas do governo federal do Brasil para a inserção de estudantes de Medicina no combate à coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) a partir de uma perspectiva ética. Desenvolvimento: As resoluções governamentais, publicadas no Diário Oficial da União, foram debatidas à luz da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos (DUBDH) e do Código de Ética do Estudante de Medicina (CEEM), porque aquela pauta a discussão em uma bioética plural, multi, inter e transdisciplinar e este traz orientações destinadas ao grupo populacional estudado. Para melhor estruturar a discussão, as principais medidas foram subdivididas em três seções: "Sobre a avaliação de risco"; "Sobre a participação dos alunos do quinto e sexto anos"; "Sobre a antecipação de colação de grau". Na primeira, propôs-se a elaboração de alternativas para sua participação de modo remoto ou sem contato direto com os pacientes, a fim de garantir a integridade dos estudantes e maximizar os efeitos positivos com o mínimo de prejuízos. Em seguida, avaliaram-se a prevista obrigatoriedade de adesão dos alunos dos últimos anos do curso de graduação e a possibilidade de substituição da carga horária do estágio curricular obrigatório pela participação na ação estratégica "O Brasil Conta Comigo". Por último, questionaram-se a antecipação de formatura e a garantia de que os recém-graduados possuam os conhecimentos e a perícia necessários à profissão médica. Conclusões: Para o combate eficaz à doença, é necessária uma estruturação coletiva das ações adotadas, beneficiando-se das capacidades que os estudantes já oferecem, com respeito às suas limitações, vulnerabilidades e liberdades. Deve-se ressaltar que quaisquer decisões éticas no contexto da medicina e das futuras gerações de profissionais podem ter repercussões inquantificáveis para esses indivíduos, seus pacientes e suas comunidades, devendo-se ter a garantia de que os benefícios serão os melhores e maiores possíveis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Students, Medical , Bioethics , COVID-19/therapy , Hermeneutics
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